
The Listening, Learning, and the Brain project, an ongoing project in the Auditory Neuroscience Lab, is a combined effort of experts in speech perception, learning disabilities and neurophysiology. Our goal is to understand normal and impaired auditory function in order to help children read and communicate better. Specifically, we are looking at how the brain responds to speech and how this relates to reading and learning.
Un projet très intéressant (Neural encoding of music) de ce laboratoire concerne le rôle de la musique (écoutée ou pratiquée) sur la représentation cérébrale du langage (le projet est financé par le Cognitive neuroscience program de NSF):
Musical experience has a pervasive effect on the nervous system. Our recent articles show that lifelong musical experience enhances neural encoding of speech as well as music, and heightens audiovisual interaction. Our work suggests that musicians have a specialized neural system for processing sight and sound in the brainstem, the neural gateway to the brain. This evolutionarily ancient part of the brain was previously thought to be relatively unmalleable; however, our studies indicate that music, a high-order cognitive process, affects automatic processing that occurs early in the processing stream, and fundamentally shapes subcortical sensory circuitry.
Voici quelques articles de vulgarisation qui expliquent les buts et les résultats du projet :
The Dana Foundation, October 30, 2009
Music Training Linked to Better Understanding of Speech
“So might musical training help enhance executive function? Nina Kraus, the head of Northwestern University’s Audio Neuroscience Lab, decided to test just that. “We reasoned that the nervous system works in economical and pervasive ways when it comes to speech and music,” Kraus says. “A basic musical skill is picking out a relevant signal from a number of other sounds—so we hypothesized that musicians may be better at hearing speech in background noise because of their training.” Kraus and colleagues Alexandra Parbery-Clark, Carrie Lam and Erika Skoe evaluated participants as they listened to and then repeated back sentences presented in varying amounts of background noise. Those who had musical training, defined as ten or more years of musical study, were much better able to repeat the sentences than those without it. Kraus says the finding supports the argument that musical training may harness areas of the brain that improve executive functioning. … The study, published in the Sept. 3 issue of Ear and Hearing, could influence future therapies for both older people who can have difficulty differentiating speech in noise and children with disabilities like autism or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).”
National Science Foundation, Discoveries, April 10, 2009
Fine-Tuned Brains
National Science Foundation, November 13, 2009
Report Says Musicians Hear Better Than Non-Musicians
“The Journal of Neuroscience reports this week that musicians are better than non-musicians at recognizing speech in noisy environments. The finding from a study conducted by neurobiologists at Northwestern University in Chicago is the first biological evidence that musicians’ have a perceptual advantage for “speech-in-noise.” When tested against non-musicians, musicians demonstrated faster neural timing, enhanced representation of speech harmonics, and less degraded response morphology in noise. That is to say, they were more effective communicating in noisy environments. “Converting key elements that comprise speech sounds–consonants, syllables, timing and harmonics–was maintained with greater fidelity in musicians despite the disruptive influence of background noise,” said lead researcher Nina Kraus, Hugh Knowles Professor at and director of Northwestern’s Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory. This likely occurs because cognitive processes that involve auditory attention and memory strengthen musicians’ nervous systems enabling them to sense and discern relevant sounds. Understanding the biological basis for this advantage is the goal of the research, which may also prove beneficial for children and adults, who have difficulty hearing in noise. Speech perception in noise is a complex task people are faced with every day. Cognitive demands of a musical performance are equally complex in that they require musicians to parse concurrently presented instruments or voices. The researchers hypothesized that a musician’s lifelong experience with “musical stream segregation,” that is separating competing voices and musical instruments during a performance, would also give musicians an advantage in “speech-in-noise” environments.”
Scientific American, September 24, 2007
Did Sesame Street Have It Right?
“Research has been piling up over the past decade that shows training can boost everything from pitch perception to visual and motor skills. And now a new study says it may also improve language-processing abilities—a finding that lends support to the effectiveness of teaching letters and words to kids through songs, as TV programs like Sesame Street have done for years. Researchers report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA that music triggers changes in the brain stem—as well as in the cortex or outer brain layers as previously reported. Senior study author Nina Kraus, a professor of neurobiology and physiology at Northwestern University, says this means music training may not only improve a person’s ability to decipher different tones but also enhances reading and speech functions, because the brain stem is a pathway for both music and language. If that is the case, music instruction may be used as a tool to help children with speech difficulties and learning deficits.”
Science, March 13, 2009
Tuning the Brain

Pour revenir aux applications ayant trait aux matières “scolaires”, ce principe de mappage réciproque de la carte et du paysage réel a été appliqué, dans le cadre du projet
L’enseignant de mathématiques pourra alors poursuivre son explication et tester périodiquement (toutes les 15 minutes ?) les élèves pour évaluer combien d’entre eux ont bien compris les derniers concepts, et s’il peut donc passer à l’étape suivante. Le téléphone portable fonctionne dans ce cas comme un boîtier de vote permettant à toute la classe de répondre en même temps à des questions posées par l’enseignant quand il en éprouve la nécessité. L’enseignant peut ainsi visualiser des statistiques concernant le niveau de compréhension de la classe de manière automatique. Il peut décider de s’arrêter, considérer s’il doit changer de stratégie ou poursuivre jusqu’à l’étape suivante. Il peut aussi obtenir un profil individuel pour chaque élève, adopter des mesures relatives aux difficultés réelles. En somme, le téléphone portable (ou le boîtier de vote) fonctionne comme un instrument de validation continuelle, anonyme – qui ne met pas en difficulté les élèves plus timides -, avec en plus la possibilité de fournir des retours immédiats sur l’avancement de l’assimilation des connaissances.








